Essay about Evaluating Teachers - 3174 Words

Running Head: A STICKY AFFAIR: EVALUATING TEACHERS A STICKY AFFAIR: EVALUATING TEACHERS Daniel De Jesus EDA 551 Grand Canyon University March 23, 2011 ii) Responding to Parent’s Letter (1) Formal Response 123 Lincoln Ave Orange, NJ 07050 October 26, 2010 Mrs. Robertson 250 Central Ave Orange, NJ 07050 Dear Mrs. Robertson: I write this letter to completely reassure you that we are taking the concerns you brought up with the utmost seriousness that they deserve. As a matter of fact, we have investigated the matter the last couple of days to ascertain the facts and events of what happened in Ms. Paulson’s Computer Technology Class on Monday during the third period. There were 27 students†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, considering the letter mentioned the parent going to the media as a result of the incident, it is important to show swift action and resolve in dealing with this issue in an effort to show how both parental concerns and the reputation of our school as an educational institution are seriously addressed and taken into account. One understands that Ms. Paully Paulson is a non-tenured staff member who has not been around our school for much longer than a year on this type of setting. At the same time, inexperience and lack of familiarity with certain skills and techniques to deal with classroom management cannot be the only issue that needs to be addressed in this incident. The way pictures of a pornographic nature were able to be shown in a classroom setting is a very serious issue that one hopes never has to occur again. Based on the past evaluation of Ms. Paully Paulson, it has been shown that she has had difficulty with classroom management in the past, and the couple of times I have dropped in to check on her work this certainly appears to continue being the case, as oftentimes she was overly focused on individual instruction and some kids were not properly supervised on a consistent basis. I will bring these concerns to her to make sure that Ms. Paulson receives adequateShow MoreRelatedEvaluating A Tea cher On The State Of Georgia1202 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Evaluating of a Teacher in the state of Georgia Based on the Georgia Department of Education, Georgia has a new way of evaluating all of its teachers. Beginners teachers are held with the same standards as tenured teachers. The evaluation is through Teacher Keys Effectiveness System (TKES) which is consist of three components which gives to an overall Teacher Effectiveness Measure (TEM). 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In addition, through this plan teachers usually teach the English language as a second language through a system that is differentiated according to English language development levels. In setting up a criteria for learning English as a second language using Textbooks, it important to note as Oshima and Hogue (2015) argued that â€Å"teachers of English who strongly rely on textbooks, are the ones who are mostly unqualified to interpretRead MoreWhy Students Should Grade Teachers958 Words   |  4 PagesThe tables have turned, students are grading their teachers. From the beginning of their educational life students have been graded by teachers. It only makes sense to let the students that are with the teachers almost every day of the week decide how well the teacher is teaching. Education is a huge part of every student s life. The main goal of schools should be to teach the students the best that they can. What better way to determine if a teacher is teaching at the best of their ability than toRead More Assessing Teachers’ Effectiveness Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe techniques used in evaluating effectiveness of teachers have changed over time together with the definition of effective teaching. These changes have been brought by increased federal and state supervision of accountability of teachers both in schools an d in class. Most researchers concede that good teaching is crucial and a key factor in improving students performance. However, researchers have not agreed on the best way of measuring teachers’ effectiveness, because there is no consensus onRead MoreProfessional Development Essay764 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment. This is a very interested research project because it takes a look at the teachers themselves instead of the students. Almost always, the students are blamed for not spending enough time on their studies or on their schoolwork. 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Vaccines And Its Effect On Health Care - 1163 Words

The introduction of vaccines has been a great advancement in the world of medicine. This ground- breaking discovery has a tremendous effect on health care by putting an end to diseases that might otherwise be untreatable. Diseases such as typhoid, whooping cough, and polio which threaten many countries worldwide are now preventable after the discovery of the vaccine. Although the development of vaccines has led to the prevention of deadly illnesses, there has been may controversy based on whether these vaccines has side effects that outweigh the benefits. More specifically, many people are concerned that vaccines are potentially linked to autism, causing parents making the decision of denying vaccinations for their children. Over the years, doctors, and scientists have taken a particular interest in vaccines, researching any scientific evidence to support the idea that autism is caused by vaccines. In the end, however, they have found scientific evidence to support there is, in fact, no casual relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism. The issue of vaccination administration and whether or not they lead to the development of autism or autism spectrum disorders has caught the attention of major public health organizations and have caused them to perform various studies to help conduct their research. A study was conducted in the United kingdom to investigate types of exposures that increased the risk of autism. They tested exposures in early life, wild measles,Show MoreRelatedVaccine Hesitancy And Its Effects On The Public Health Care System1651 Words   |  7 PagesVaccine hesitancy Vaccines have existed for several decades , since 19th century . They are one of the preventive measures for the public health care system. 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Most people agree that vaccinations should be mandated because of how being vacc inated keeps people safer in public environments since being vaccinated helps stop diseases from being spread, as proven by science, but people who do not agree with vaccination mandation most of the timeRead MoreThe Incidence Of Cervical Cancer983 Words   |  4 PagesHPV rates among Hispanics, access to HPV vaccine, cervical cancer, health care access, and disparities. The databases that I searched were CINAHL, the American Cancer Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. My only search criteria was that the articles had to have been published after the year 2011 and be in English. Finding articles related to the subject was not difficult since this is a well addressed and relevant health subject. RESULTS According to the literatureRead MoreShould There Be Mandatory Vaccinations for Children Entering School?1582 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Should there be mandatory vaccinations for children entering school?† There are many diseases that are preventable with the use of vaccines such as measles, pertussis, polio and rubella. In the United States, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate vaccinations for children upon entering school in 1855. Since then each state has added or amended various requirements of the vaccination schedule. However, various exemptions exist to override vaccinations such as religious reasons, or medicalRead MoreVaccine Shortage : Influenza Vaccine922 Words   |  4 PagesInfluenza Vaccine Shortage The influenza virus continues to burden communities across the nation and vaccination has been established as an invaluable prevention measure in efforts to control the infectious disease. 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Nation wide people have their own opinions on the HPV vaccine, and weatherRead MoreHPV Vaccines1438 Words   |  6 PagesUtilizing the Health Belief Model, research has found many different factors that influence beliefs and compliance behavior with the HPV vaccine and some interventions that might increase compliance. In a study done by Kelly Rhea MacArthur evaluating the role of trust in HPV vaccine decision making among college students, it was found that perceived severity and perceived efficacy are two barriers that can be addressed by forming a trusting relationship with a health care provider (MacArthur, 2017)Read MorePolicy Topics Of Maternal And Child Health Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pages Q139/CE/ 25982/2014 School: Public Health Department: Environmental Health Unit Code: PRH 815 – Safe motherhood and perinatal Health Lecturer: Dr. B.Gichuru Task: Assignment Policy issues related to maternal and child Health Introduction The Constitution of Kenya 2010 provides for a rights-based approach in providing every person the utmost attainable standard of health .The Constitution introduced a devolved system of government

Governance in Health Care Inequality and Ethnic Differences

Question: Discuss about the Report for Governance in Health Care of Inequality and Ethnic Differences. Answer: Introduction The health outcome of the indigenous population depends on social, political and environmental factors. According to 2013 census, the indigenous population in New Zealand comprises 14.9% Maoris, 11.80% Asian and 7.40% Pacific Islander people. Among them, Maoris has the poorest health outcome than any other population group in New Zealand (2013 Census QuickStats about national highlights. 2016). Disparities in health outcome between Maoris and non-Maoris mainly occur due to the difference in lifestyle factor and availability of health care and discrimination. Health expectancies and quality of life differs in this group (Pool, 2014). This finding suggests that new approach is required in closing the gap in the social determinant of health is required to provide equal access to care. Therefore, this report mainly focuses on the issue of lack of access to care in Maori population. It will develop a plan using the main principles of Treaty of Waitangi to take relevant action that address es the health need of the population. Reasons for health inequity in Maoris A research on social determinants of health in New Zealand suggests that gap in Indigenous disadvantage is not closing due to social and economic issues experienced by the Maori population (Mitro et al., 2014). Different studies suggest the different explanation for health inequality between Maoris and non-Maoris. Yon and Crimmins, (2014) interprets that health inequity in Maoris takes place due to genetic or cultural differences in indigenous groups. However, genetic variation is not dependent on race, and they are not the reasons for public health concern. Firstly, disparities in health occur due to the difference in socioeconomic factors between Maoris and non-Maoris. Unfair dissemination of social determinants like income, housing and unemployment triggers health inequalities (Harris, Cormack Stanley, 2013). According to health status data, the life expectancy at birth in Maori male was found to be 73 years compared to 80.3 years in the non-Maori male. Similarly, life expectancy for Maori female and the non-Maori female was 77 years and 83 years respectively (Life expectancy, 2016). Maoris also had the high rate of disability compared to non-Maoris. About 17% of Maori children and 44% Maori adults are obese. The Maori smoking rate is also higher than general population (Sandiford Bramley, 2013). Apart from suicide and accidents, it was found that major cause of death in both Maoris and non-Maoris were chronic diseases (NgÄ  mana hauora tÃ…Â «tohu: Health status indicators. 2016). Therefore, Maoris are exposed to infectious diseases early in life. Besides this, lifestyle factors of Maoris also affect their health status. A survey on Maoris health showed that Maoris smoke more tobacco than non-Maoris (Gifford et al., 2016). Therefore this habit can act as a risk factor for many diseases. 46% of Maori men suffer from hypertension compared to 43% in non-Maoris. The rate of diabetes and obesity is also higher among deprived Maori population (Lis Ell ison-Loschmann, 2006). The rate of mortality due to diseases in Maoris suggests the difference in access to care leading to the poor health outcome. Remote locations, unawareness about diseases and the high cost of treatment act as the barrier to access to care in Maoris. Addressing health needs of Maori population by the principles of Treaty of Waitangi The plan is to reduce the gap in health status between Maoris and general population by utilizing the Treaty of Waitangi and structuring health care services in such a way that addressed the health need of Maoris. To protect the Maori interest, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between Maori and the British Crown in 1840 (Orange, 2015). The three principles of the Treaty of Waitangi are as follows: Partnership principle- It involves engaging with the Maori community to establish health and disability services and improving health outcome in the population (Orange, 2015).Acting by this principle will mean taking the initiative to establish Maoris specific health services in their local areas and making it affordable for them. Participation principle- It means Maoris should also be involved in all segments of health care such as decision making as well as delivery of care services (Johnston, 2013). Action can be taken to enhance health promotion and disease control activities by involving Maoris in health care delivery too. It will help in providing competent care according to social and cultural needs of the indigenous population (Ware, 2013). Protection principle- In this case, the Government will intervene to ensure equal access to health in Maoris and Non-Maoris and also protect the Maori values and culture. Working according to this principle will mean developing policies for cultural safety and expansion of health service to treat diverse form of illness in this group (Makowharemahihi et al., 2016). A detailed discussion of the chosen health issue as it relates nationally and locally Smoking is the most prevalent health issues in Maoris compared to other ethnic group in Australia. They first came in contact with tobacco when the British gave it as gifts to them for the purpose of colonization. According to current estimates, 32.7% of them are regular smokers. The rate of smoking is 30.5% among men and 34.7% among women. The initiation of smoking among Maoris in Aotearoa begins at the age of 14 years (Maori smoking, 2016). Compared to non-Maori population, larger percentage of Maoris is exposed to second-hand smoke. It accounts for largest preventable cause of death in New Zealand. As smoking is linked to many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, it is also the reason for lower life expectancy among Maoris. Despite high rate of smoking, 62.3% of them had made attempts to quit smoking till the year 2011 (New Zealand Medical Journal, 2016). Variation in social status also leads to disparities in health status of a population. A correlation has been found between the deprivation and the impact of social inequality upon smoking rate in Maoris. Women are mostly influenced by the effect of inequality and therefore women have high smoking rate. In case of men, it has been found that effect of social inequality is felt more in rural area compared to urban areas. Hence government health policies must focus on reducing the issues leading to social inequality to reduce smoking rates among this group in New Zealand (Barnett, 2016). A range of indicators related to the health status of Maoris such as life expectancy, the major cause of death, diagnosis of diseases, immunization, suicide rate, mental health and interpersonal violence suggest the lack of access to care as the major contributing factor for poor health outcome (Sheridan et al., 2011). The rate of immunization coverage in Maori children was also lower than that of non- Maoris (Health status indicators, 2016).Because of lack of access to care, Maoris receive lower than the acceptable standard of care. A survey investigating the reasons for the lack of access to care in Maoris shows that 38% Maoris complain about the problem in accessing required health care service in their local area due to remote locations. Many of them are deprived of high quality care services because they cannot afford the cost of medical services (Gibson et al., 2015). Therefore, cost also acts a significant barrier to access health care services in Maoris. A New Zealand Health Survey investigated about the level of development chronic care management system across district health boards. It was found that addressing health inequity in Maoris is embedded only in policies and despite recognition of several unmet needs of the population, health professionals or services do not reach them. It was also found that many nurses are reluctant to deliver care to this group because of cultural barriers (Sheridan et al., 2011). It is necessary to provide care to vulnerable population by reducing the impact of health inequality in their life (Douglas et al., 2014). This highlights the issues of lack of access to care in the Maoris and the needs to train medical staffs to deliver care according to the cultural preference of the group. Thus, New Zealand struggles to put adequate equity principles in place. Hence, a major restructuring of the health care system in New Zealand is required to reduce the gap in health inequality present between Maoris an d non-Maori population. Use of Treaty of Waitangi to plan and address health inequity in Maoris The principles of the Treaty of Waitangi can be effectively utilized by mean of proper planning to restructure the health system that looks after the health concerns of Maoris. It will mean understanding the cultural difference in the Maori population (Ramsden, 2015). As there is several evidence regarding the culture of Maoris acting as a barrier to access to care, the priority is to implement policies related to cultural competency skill in nurses and physician. Nurse also need to be aware of policy development in the area of health inequality (Nairn et al., 2014). This action is guided by the Protection principle of the Treaty of Waitangi. It will involve training all new health professional regarding developing cultural awareness and cultural sensitivity of the Maoris (Kirmayer, 2012). It will help in communicating in a better manner with the Maoris to understand their health issues and contribute to the achievement of positive health outcome. Simulation training can be given to nurses so that they can easily engage and interact with Maoris (Orr et al., 2013). Effective clinical practice will be possible not only by understanding their generation, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, religious belief and disability but also by learning to reflect on health situations critically. It will help to preserve the cultural identity of Maoris and also empower them to improve their health status (Makowharemahihi et al., 2016). For example in case health eating habits in Maori population, it will be necessary that nurses engage which such people and understand the factors that lead to obesity in this group (Penn Kerr, 2014). The second plan of action is to enhance the delivery of care by encouraging Maoris also to enter health care profession by the participation principle of the Treaty of Waitangi. This will be a critical step as medical staff from the same cultural background can provide holistic care to patients. A responsible Maori nurse and medical team can communicate information about chronic and infectious diseases to them in a more efficient and timely manner too. It will minimize the need for cultural training and competency training as Maoris is themselves aware of the cultural sensitivities inherent in their community (Huey, Tilley, Jones Smith, 2014). Health promotion activities can help in engagement of community and supporting them to get involved in health care service (Percival et al., 2016). The partnership principle of the Treaty of the Waitangi can be utilized to develop and establish the health clinic and hospitals in the resident area of Maori population. This will be a critical step in improving access to care and make it easier for the population to seek emergency health services. Government action will require in this case to make the fund available for the establishment of health services in local areas. This reform will have a direct impact on the health outcome of the group and lead to reduced rate of mortality and morbidity associated with diseases. A reform of policy framework is needed to effectively implement culturally competent care and create an empowering environment for Maori population (Kirmayer Brass, 2016). Conclusion From the report on increasing health disparity between Maoris and non-Maoris, it can be concluded that improving accessibility and affordability of care is essential in New Zealand. This report identified the major reasons for poor health outcome in Maoris and outlined the trend of lack of access to care in the group both nationally and locally. Finally, it proposed a plan based on identification of barrier in access to care and proposed a plan that utilizes the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi to improve health status in Maoris. Thus, delivery of a culturally competent care is expected to improve health outcome as well as reduce the gap in health care delivery in Maori population. Reference 2013 Census QuickStats about national highlights. (2016).Stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-about-national-highlights/cultural-diversity.aspx Barnett R, e. (2016).Social inequality and ethnic differences in smoking in New Zealand. - PubMed - NCBI.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087149 Douglas, M. K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D. F., Callister, L. C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., ... Purnell, L. (2014). Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care.Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 1043659614520998. from https://tcn.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/02/14/1043659614520998.extract Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., ... Brown, A. (2015). Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998148 Gifford, H., Tautolo, E. S., Erick, S., Hoek, J., Gray, R., Edwards, R. (2016). A qualitative analysis of MÄ ori and Pacific smokers' views on informed choice and smoking.BMJ open,6(5), e011415. Retrieved 8 September from https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/5/e011415.full Harris, R. B., Cormack, D. M., Stanley, J. (2013). The relationship between socially-assigned ethnicity, health and experience of racial discrimination for MÄ ori: analysis of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey.BMC public health,13(1), 1. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24028091 Health consequences of tobacco use for MÄ oricessation essential for reducing inequalities in health - New Zealand Medical Journal. (2016).Nzma.org.nz. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2013/vol-126-no-1379/article-glover Huey Jr, S. J., Tilley, J. L., Jones, E. O., Smith, C. A. (2014). The contribution of cultural competence to evidence-based care for ethnically diverse populations.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,10, 305-338. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24437436 Johnston, K. (2013). Treaty of Waitangi.NZ Law Review,2013, 159-689. Kirmayer, L. (2012). Rethinking cultural competence.Transcultural Psychiatry,49(2), 149. Retrieved 8 September from https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplaycrawlid=1doctype=citedocid=2013+NZ+Law+Review+159srctype=smisrcid=3B15key=0184338fe722164225c875c18294362d Kirmayer, L. J., Brass, G. (2016). Addressing global health disparities among Indigenous peoples.The Lancet. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27108233 Life expectancy. (2016).Stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 16 September 2016, from https://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/health/life_expectancy.aspx Lis Ellison-Loschmann, N. (2006). Improving Access to Health Care Among New Zealands Maori Population.American Journal Of Public Health,96(4), 612. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470538/ Makowharemahihi, C., Wall, J., Keay, G., Britton, C., McGibbon, M., LeGeyt, P., ... Signal, V. (2016). Quality Improvement: Indigenous Influence in Oral Health Policy, Process, and Practice.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved,27(1), 54-60. Retrieved 8 September from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/608839/summary Maori smoking (2016). Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.ash.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Maori-smoking-2013-14.pdf Mitrou, F., Cooke, M., Lawrence, D., Povah, D., Mobilia, E., Guimond, E., Zubrick, S. R. (2014). Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24568143 Nairn, R., DeSouza, R., Barnes, A. M., Rankine, J., Borell, B., McCreanor, T. (2014). Nursing in media-saturated societies: implications for cultural safety in nursing practice in Aotearoa New Zealand.Journal of Research in Nursing,19(6), 477-487 from https://jrn.sagepub.com/content/19/6/477.short NgÄ  mana hauora tÃ…Â «tohu: Health status indicators. (2016).Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/populations/maori-health/tatau-kahukura-maori-health-statistics/nga-mana-hauora-tutohu-health-status-indicators Orange, C. (2015).The treaty of Waitangi. Bridget Williams Books. Orr, F., Kellehear, K., Armari, E., Pearson, A., Holmes, D. (2013). The distress of voice-hearing: The use of simulation for awareness, understanding and communication skill development in undergraduate nursing education.Nurse education in practice,13(6), 529-535 from https://www.sciencedirect.com//asciencerticle/pii/S1471595313000838 Penn, S., Kerr, J. (2014). Childhood obesity: The challenges for nurses: It is vital that nurses understand the factors that can lead to weight problems and engage with young people and their families to promote healthy diets and lifestyles, say Sarah Penn and Joanne Kerr.Nursing children and young people,26(2), 16-21 from https://journals.rcni.com/doi/abs/10.7748/ncyp2014.03.26.2.16.e398 Percival, N., ODonoghue, L., Lin, V., Tsey, K., Bailie, R. S. (2016). improving health Promotion Using Quality improvement Techniques in australian indigenous Primary health care.Frontiers in public health,4 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4812048/ Pool, I. (2014). Health Implications of Ethnic and Gender Gaps in Survival: A Cohort Analysis.New Zealand Population Review,40, 41. from https://search.proquest.com/openview/1086c4ff7c57c5b0b3bf4a50ba951802/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=1036396 Ramsden, I. (2015). 1 Towards cultural safety.Cultural Safety in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1. Sandiford, P., Bramley, D. (2013). Application of the modified PGW method for determining the smoking attributable fraction of deaths in New Zealand Maori, Pacific and non-Maori non-Pacific populations.Demographic Research,28, 207-228 from https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol28/7/ Sheridan, N., Kenealy, T., Connolly, M., Mahony, F., Barber, P., Boyd, M. et al. (2011). Health equity in the New Zealand health care system: a national survey.International Journal For Equity In Health,10(1), 45. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-10-45 Sheridan, N., Kenealy, T., Connolly, M., Mahony, F., Barber, P., Boyd, M. et al. (2011). Health equity in the New Zealand health care system: a national survey.International Journal For Equity In Health,10(1), 45. Retrieved from https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-9276-10-45 Ware, V. (2013).Improving the accessibility of health services in urban and regional settings for Indigenous people(Vol. 27). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Yon, Y., Crimmins, E. M. (2014). Cohort Morbidity Hypothesis: Health Inequalities of Older Maori and non-Maori in New Zealand.New Zealand Population Review,40, 63. Retrieved 8 September from https://population.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NZPR-Vol-40-_Yon-and-Crimmins.pdf

Mythology Burial Practices Of The Ancient Egyptian And Greco-Roman Cul

Mythology Burial Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for the next cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in a multitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funerary services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead can provide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practices and myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received from Timothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital information regarding the transition into another life. Regarding the burial practices of Greece and Rome, parts of Homer's Odyssey are useful in the analysis of proper interment methods. One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricate process known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved process spanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs were removed with one exce ption, the heart. If the body was not already West of the Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying process was initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of the Nile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of the substance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process of dehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint the body with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthy enough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremonies to ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of a special funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure a successful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heart did not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess of justice and divine order, Maat. The priest also made use of a "peculiar ritual instrumen t, a sort of chisel, with which he literally opened the mouth of the deceased." This was done to ensure that the deceased was able to speak during their journeys in Duat. Another practice used by the Egyptians to aid the departed soul involved mass human sacrifice. Many times if a prominent person passed away the family and servants would willfully ingest poison to continue their servitude in the next world. The family members and religious figureheads of the community did just about everything in their power to aid the deceased in the transition to a new life. The community made sure the chamber was furnished with "everything necessary for the comfort and well-being of the occupants." It was believed that the individual would be able of accessing these items in the next world. Some of the most important things that the deceased would need to have at his side were certain spells and incantations. A conglomeration of reading material ensured a successful passage; The Pyramid Texts, The Book of the Dead, and the Coffin Texts all aided the lost soul in their journey through Duat into the Fields of the Blessed. "Besides all these spells, charms, and magical tomb texts, the ancient practice of depositing in the tomb small wooden figures of servants was employed." These "Ushabi statuettes" as they are called, were essentially slaves of the deceased. If the deceased was called to work in the Elysian fields he would call upon one of the statues to take his place and perform the task for him. It was not unheard of for an individual to have a figure for every day of the year to ensure an afterlife devoid of physical exertion. Just about every thing the embalmers and burial practitioners did during the process was done for particular reasons. Many of the funerary practices of the ancient Greco-Romans were also done with a specific purpose in mind. Unlike the Egyptian's the Greco-Roman cultures did not employ elaborate tombs but focused on the use of a simple pit in the ground. Right after death, not too dissimilar from the practices of the Egyptians, it was necessary for the persons to carefully wash and prepare the corpse

Use Fake Facts on Explorers to Teach Internet Research

Use Fake Facts on Explorers to Teach Internet Research If you Google the explorer Ferdinand Magellan, one of the top results youll get is a web page from the website  All About Explorers  that states: In 1519, at the age of only 27, he was supported by  several wealthy businessmen, including Marco Polo, Bill Gates, and Sam Walton, to finance an expedition to the Spice  Islands. While some facts in this information are accurate -namely the year of Magellans expedition to the Spice Islands- there are others that might set off alarms. Educators would know that Microsofts Bill Gates or Wal-Marts Sam Walton would not be around for another 500 years, but would students? There is recent research that suggests that many students in our middle schools, high schools, or  college would not question the information given about the life of this 15th Century explorer. After all, this website  looks  like a credible source! That is exactly the problem that the  Stanford History Education Group  (SHEG) discovered in a report titled  Evaluating Information: The Cornerstone of Civic Online Reasoning. This report released November 2016 tracked the research skills of students in middle, high school or college using a series of prompts. The study prototyped, field tested, and validated a bank of assessments that tap civic online reasoning. (see 6 Ways to Help Students Spot Fake News) The results of SHEGs study indicated that many students are  not prepared to distinguish accurate from inaccurate accounts  or  decide when a statement is relevant or irrelevant to a given point. SHEG suggested that  when it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, they are easily duped  pronouncing  our  nations  students ability to research in one word: bleak.    But that   AllAboutExplorers website  is one bogus website that  should not be shut down. Use The AllAboutExplorers Website  for Internet Research Practice Yes, there is plenty of misinformation on site. For example, on the webpage dedicated to Juan Ponce de Leon, there is the reference to  an  American multinational cosmetics, skin care, fragrance, and personal care company that was founded in 1932:   In 1513 he was hired by Revlon, a cosmetic company, to search for the Fountain of Youth (a body of water that would enable you to look young forever). In truth, the  misinformation on the  AllAboutExplorers  website is intentional, and all of the misinformation on the site was created to serve  an important educational purpose-to better prepare students in intermediate and middle schools to understand how to research accurately and completely using evidence that is valid, timely, and relevant. The about page  on the site states: AllAboutExplorers  was developed by a group of teachers as a means of teaching students about the Internet. Although the Internet can be a tremendous resource for gathering information about a topic, we found that students often did not have the skills to discern useful information from worthless  data. The AllAboutExplorers  site was created in 2006 by educator Gerald Aungst,(  Supervisor of Gifted and Elementary Mathematics in the Cheltenham School District in Elkins Park, PA) and Lauren Zucker,(Library Media Specialist in Centennial School District). Their collaboration 10 years earlier confirms what the SHEG research has recently concluded, that most students cannot tell  good information from bad. Aungst and Zucker explain on the website that they created  AllAboutExplorers in order to develop a series of lessons for students in which we would demonstrate that just because it is out there for the searching does not mean it is  worthwhile. These educators wanted to make a point  about  finding useless information on a site that was designed to look believable. They note that  all of the Explorer biographies here are fictional and that they purposefully mixed facts with  inaccuracies, lies, and even downright absurdities. Some of the absurdities that have been mixed with facts on famous explorers on this website include: Lewis Clark:...in 1795, they became the charter subscribers to the National Geographic Magazine. Both were so mesmerized by the stunning color photographs in the glossy publication that they determined–completely separately–to become world-famous  explorers. It wasn’t until 1803, when Thomas Jefferson saw an intriguingly brief posting by Napoleon Bonaparte on Craig’s List for a large tract of  land:  For Sale:  Louisiane, a tract of land in the middle of the North America. Acreage unknown. Contains the fourth longest river in the world. â‚ ¬60,000,000 OBO, local shipping included. Serious inquiries  only.Christopher Columbus: He  knew he had to make this idea of sailing, using a western route, more popular. So,  he produced and appeared on infomercials  which aired four times daily. Finally,  the King and Queen of Spain called his toll-free number  and agreed to help  Columbus. The authors have provided readers the cautions not to  use this site as a source of reference for research. There is even a satiric  update on the site that mentions a lawsuit settlement on a   (fake) claim that the information unfairly caused failing grades for students who used the information via the website.   The authors can be followed on  Twitter: aaexplorers.  Their website confirms SHEG reports that states there  are scores of websites pretending to be something they are not. In addition to the elaborate hoaxes on explorers there are more serious and credible  lesson plans designed to introduce students to the skills and concepts of good Internet researching: Just Because Its Out There Doesnt Mean Its GoodSo How Do You Find the Good Stuff?Google, What?Where Exactly Am I?How Could They Be So Wrong? Research Standards for Social Studies Research is not exclusive to any discipline, but the  National Council for the Social Studies has outlined specific standards for research in their  College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards: Guidance for Enhancing the Rigor of K-12 Civics, Economics, Geography, and History   There is the standard:  Dimension 4, Communicating Conclusions  for grades 5-12,   the intermediate and  middle school grades levels (5-9) that could benefit from the lessons on the  AllAboutExplorers: D4.2.3-5. Construct explanations using reasoning, correct sequence, examples, and details with relevant information and data.D4.2.6-8. Construct explanations using reasoning, correct sequence, examples, and details with relevant information and data, while acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses of the explanations.D4.1.9-12. Construct arguments using precise and knowledgeable claims, with evidence from multiple sources, while acknowledging counterclaims and evidentiary weaknesses.   The European explorers are generally studied in grades 5 as part of American Colonial History; in grade 6 7 as part of European exploration of Latin and Central America; and in grades 9 or 10 in the study of colonialism in global studies classes.   The website AllAboutExplorers provides educators an opportunity  to help students  learn how to negotiate the Internet in research. Teaching students to better explore the web can be improved by introducing students to this website on famous explorers.

buy custom Critical Laws, Emerging Issues and Trends in Education essay

buy custom Critical Laws, Emerging Issues and Trends in Education essay In the modern education system, one of the critical laws affecting education is the law that every individual should access basic education. This is what has been referred to the right to education in the universally accepted declaration of human rights. In modern times, education is viewed as a basic necessity which every person should have. In many countries of the world, education has been made compulsory for children up to the age of 15 (primary education). Governments in these countries have also taken the responsibility of providing free education to their citizens up to a certain level in bid to fulfill the requirement of the law. One of the emerging trends in the education system today is wide use of technology as a tool and a means of teaching (Young, 1982). For example, it was traditionally known that the learners and the tutor would meet at a given physical location for larning to take place. Nowadays, technology has lead to emergence of distance education where learners and tutors who are located in different geographical places conduct learning without physical meeting. There are some instances where the learner and the tutor interact face-to-face through the internet. In other instances, learners make use of CD-ROM which has been prepared by their tutors either in audio format or audio-visual format. Technology is also being used in universities and colleges as a tool of learning where students use the internet to conduct their research or do their assignments. The facilitators are also using the internet to communicate learning requirements to their students. In other instances, technology has replaced the traditional method of lecturing whereby lectures are done through presentations via projections. In higher education, one of the emerging issues is the changing roles and identities of teachers and learners. Learning in institutions of higher education has become more of a collaborative process where teachers and learners share learning experiences. Learners are taking the roles which used to be primarily done by the teachers. Modern learning in higher education is characterized by peer reviews, external reviews and formative feedback among other methods of interaction between the teachers and the learners. From a personal perspective, what the educators can do in order to steer these trends is to accept the development of modern times in the education system. Educators should recognize that the world is changing and things are no longer done the traditional way. Therefore, educators should embrace the emerging trends in education and try as much as possible possess a positive mind in conducting modern day teaching. Buy custom Critical Laws, Emerging Issues and Trends in Education essay

You pick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

You pick - Essay Example Notably, at the end of the leasing period the person who pursues the leasing option will have to begin a new lease or buy cycle. On the other hand, a person who buys a new car will own the vehicle after completing paying all the dues. In the long-run, a person who leases the car pays more than the one who pursues the purchasing option. The loan and lease terms differ markedly. Buying a vehicle implies that the buyers will have the responsibility of paying the entire cost of the vehicle without considering the number of miles covered. Typically, the lender determines the total cost of the vehicle that includes sales tax, down payment, and interest rate. A loan needs an individual to invest a down payment in the vehicle. The borrower will have to decide the amount of savings to cater for the down payments. The more the loanees put down, the less they will require borrowing from the bank (Reed). The loan then funds the remaining amount. The borrower will have to pledge other assets for collateral. In addition, the loanee will have to bear all the risks including the vehicle devaluation especially with increasing pace of technological advancements. Fundamentally, loan size, loan term, amount of down payment, and interest rate determine the monthly payment on the auto loan. The terms of renting differ from that of the loan. Leasing implies that the individual pays a portion of the cost of the vehicle. The portion paid is the part the individual uses during the driving period. The charges of sales tax reflect in the monthly charges (Avdul and Steve 73). In addition, a person can opt to pay a down payment under leasing. Hence, the payment of down payment is not a mandatory in the leasing option. Money factor that is similar to the rate on the loan is paid. The lease vehicle is only the requirement for securing a leasing transaction. In addition, the lessors bear the risk of obsolescence because an obligation to own the vehicle does not

New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New York - Essay Example Beginning of 1920s and dawn of 1930s marked great advances in the history of the music history. Phonograph record converted into the fundamental method of disseminating music. Music industry who was so keen to discover various ways of making profit realized that the piano rolls, record and sheet music can all be merged together. However, jazz music appeared while all of the discoveries were made. Jazz was originally founded in New Orleans, early in 1900s. As the opportunities for employment increased, both white and black moved towards New Orleans. Most of the musicians were given opportunities to work in small dance halls, ballrooms and cabarets. (1) The early players of jazz mostly used to play as solo pianists or in small bands. Apart from marches and ragtime, it included all types of blues and popular dance music. Often, bands used to play in parades, funerals, picnics etc. However, ragtime and blues has before raised jazz and sustained to remain in the scenario alongside to it. It had also influences the style of jazz and provided important vehicles for its improvement. In New York, during 1920s, a variety of jazz musicians appeared on the scene. Though, at the time, the lead voices were using most responsible for stating melody such as horns and ensembles. Louis Armstrong, one of the biggest jazz musicians ever widened the range of the music. He was a dazzling improviser. Armstrong along with other musicians of his generation changed the layout of jazz by bringing soloist in front of the public. Although, in his recording groups therefore the hot seven or the hot five displayed that creativeness of jazz could go far beyond piece of music. Hence, he created some innovative melodies supported by the chords of the initial song. Louis Armstrong also established a standard for the jazz singers, not due to the alteration of melodies but also by improvising without lyrics

Museum Visit Essay Example for Free

Museum Visit Essay People throughout the world are blessed with the gift of art. We all ponder how it is accomplished and achieved, but in the end it all comes down to the remarkable artists that craft each work of art. Even though areas in the world house a substantial amount over others, there are still a number of cities that possess a great deal of art. Lucky for us, we live in a metropolitan area, and have a great art museum. In addition to that, it has plenty of it for everyone to admire and observe. The St. Louis art museum is a wonderful gallery of art to wander through. With exhibitions like Monet’s â€Å"Water Lilies†, the everyday person gets to get a glimpse of the world around them that have not seen before with their own eyes. I love the St. Louis Art Museum. Even though I have lived here my whole life, I just never got around to going there. Although this has been my first visit to Art Museum, I know I will definitely go back. Once I walked in through the front doors, I was amazed. The overall size surprised me. I was actually expecting it to be small, but lucky for us, it is not. Then when I reached the third floor, I was in awe because I got to see work from the 20th century. Also it was a great feeling to see the paintings I had studied in class, and then see them in person. As I walked from room to room, and floor-to-floor I could not get enough: until the museum closed down for the night, and I was told to leave. In spite of that, I downright enjoyed myself. I forgot that I was there for a school assignment. The artwork there ranged from weapons, furniture pieces, sculptures, and paintings. It is refreshing to see something new from turn you take. Also, to see the timeline of art pass right by you as you go through the whole museum. I have chosen â€Å"Stairway to Auvers† by Vincent Van Gogh in the Post-Impressionism Era and was made around 1890, and â€Å"Red, Orange, Orange on Red† by Mark Rothko is Op Art and was made in 1955. A poem was written for â€Å"Red, Orange† by Mike Murawski, and it reads, â€Å"Hey, look out red! Move over, watch it! Scrumpf, smush, push, punch, let me through! I need some air, a breath, anything but red! Makin’ me feel like I’m struggling for the surface of the orange dark depth†(1).. The paintings both have some similarities, but many differences. Though â€Å"Stairway to Auvers† has some subject matter, objects, and people to pick out, â€Å"Red, Orange, Orange on Red† does not: depending on the artist’s intent for the painting. â€Å"Red, Orange† you can make out slightly different colored orange and red rectangles. Though both paintings are very close in time period, they do have many differences. But every bit and each piece contributes to the changes in art throughout the years, and that is truly the only thing that matters. Twilight Sounds† by Norman Lewis is an abstract expressionist painting that expresses the sound from the jazz era, and you can even make out some music notes. â€Å"In Beige with Sand† by Robert Motherwell shows how abstract art is really done by using very few colors but accomplishing many things with the way he makes random shapes. â€Å"Boxcars, Minneapolis #2† by Ralston Crawford is a vague painting depicting many boxes that may symbolize a car in a city. â€Å"Bethlehem† by Franz Kline shows a black cross with many lines passing through it on a white canvas. This might symbolize the cross being Jesus, and the black and white meaning his birth. â€Å"Catalonia† by Robert Motherwell has mainly circles and lines, but may represent the separation of the city because of the lines separating the circles from each other. â€Å"Draft† by Helen Frankenthaler depicts only a few colors but to me looks to be a sky of some sort. â€Å"Ici† by Joan Mitchell seems to have a shape of animals or faces in the blotches of paint. â€Å"Helena’s Australia† by Sigmar Polke shows an orange dark night with a few stars out almost from the perspective from a bush. January, December, November† by Gerhard Ritcher seems to be a window and the colors go down according to the season or month, changing and conforming to one. â€Å"The Plaza After Rain† by Paul Cornoyer is an amazing painting taken in a large city. The center part of the painting is three people walking through the street while it is raining while car on the road pass them by. â€Å"Road at the Palisades† by Ernest Lawson is a flat view of a river or lake in New York that subject matter is a road connecting to a bridge. Maybe this was the artist’s road to home. Street of the Great Captain, Corodoba by Childe Hassam seems to make out a small plaza in a Hispanic originated area that shows off great lighting and bright colors. â€Å"Windham Village† by Julian Alden Weir depicts an alleyway to a neighborhood and it looks to be in fall because the trees do not have any leaves. Also the neighborhood appears to be decollate because the way the homes are portrayed. Art museums are a great contribution to society. They allow you, me, and everyone else to gaze upon the art that was created for us to look at. The art that was created to keep the world of art going. Though some pieces of art may look the same, odd, different, have no subject to it, or just even look plain, it still has a place in the world to prove to everyone how our art has grown and what it has become. Without any art museums showing us what we have grown up to know, we would not believe it or maybe just not care. Now that I have been through the St. Louis art museum, I have a great deal of understanding for art, and that will stick with me no matter where I am.

The Beak Of The Finch :: essays research papers fc

The Bogus Logic of The Beak People who have served in the Armed Forces may be familiar with the expression, "If you can't dazzle then with your brilliance, baffle them with your baloney." The Beak of the Finch uses such laughable logic, it is remarkable that anyone would believe it. The book does such a terrible job of presenting a case for evolution and history, that the only logical conclusion is that the book's true intent is to disprove it.   Jonathan Weiner, The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994. ISBN 0679400036.   "It is never too late to give up our prejudices. No way of thinking or doing, however ancient, can be trusted without proof." --Thoreau, Walden This book claims to be about evolution, centered in the location made famous by Charles Darwin, the Galapagos Islands. I read this book on the recommendation of a good friend who knows I am interested in birds and thought I might get something out of it. Indeed, the few parts of the book actually about the Gouldian Finches of the Galapagos Islands are fascinating. The book records in detail some of the trials the Dr. Peter Grant family endured in studying these birds on a hot volcanic rock. However, the writers and editors of the book avoid simple logic and put a spin on history that is misleading. The facts and logic presented in The Beak of the Finch really make the book's author out to be a closet creationist.   It just so happened that at the same time I read this book, I was reading The Storm Petrel and the Owl of Athena by Louis Halle. Half of The Storm Petrel is on the bird life of the Shetland Islands, another isolated natural system. Halle, though an evolutionist, devotes a whole chapter on how the Shetlands and other islands conserve species. (Halle. 1970, 155ff.) Where species have changed their habits, it is most often due to adaptation to humanity. He compares the wild starlings, house sparrows, and rock doves found on the Shetlands with the more domesticated versions of these birds found on the continents--and to some degree even in the main village of the Shetlands. The island birds are more like their original wild forebears. I mention this now because it will come back to haunt us later.   Logical Fallacies By the first thirty or so pages I had found two logical fallacies and at least one historical inaccuracy in The Beak of the Finch.

Heat Stress in Workplac

August 2001 . HEATSTROKE / SUN STROKE This is not necessarily the result of exposure to the sun. It is caused by exposure to an environment in which the body can no longer rid itself of excess heat. As a result, the body soon reaches a point where the heat-regulating mechanism breaks down completely and the internal temperature rises rapidly. SYMPTOMS Hot , dry skin which maybe red or bluish, severe headache, visual disturbances, rapid temperature rise, The v ictim s h o u ld b e r e m v d fro m o e t h e h e a t i mm d i a t e l y e and c o o le d r a p id ly , u s u a lly by wra p p i n g i n c o o l , we t s h e e t s .PRECAUTIONS Acclimatization: Acclimatize workers to heat by giving them short exposures, followed by gradually longer periods of work in the hot environment. Mechanical Cooling: Forced ventilation and spot cooling by mechanical means (fans, blowers) are helpful in cooling. Using power tools rather than manual labour keeps the body cooler. Rehydration: W o r k e r s should be advised to drink water beyond the point of thirst (every 15 to 20 minutes) . High-carbohydrate diet tends to increase fluid absorption and caffinated beverages like coffee tend to increase Safety & Fire DepartmentFor more detailed information on Heat Stress, please refer to the proceeding pages. HEAT STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE Heat stress includes a series of conditions where the body is under stress from overheating. It can include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat rash or heat stroke. Each produces bodily symptoms that can range from profuse sweating to dizziness to cessation of sweating and collapse. Heat stress can be caused by high temperatures, heavy work loads, the type of clothing being worn, etc. It is important to know the signs of heat stress and the proper first aid to treat it. See Common Forms of Heat Stress and recommended first aid on page 4). The signs of heat stress are often overlooked by the victim. The employee may at first be confused or unable to conce ntrate, followed by more severe symptoms such as fainting and/or collapse. If heat stress symptoms occur, move the employee to a cool, shaded area, give him water and immediately contact the supervisor. At Risk Employees Some employees are more likely to have heat disorders than others. Younger employees and those more physically fit are often less likely to have problems.Employees with heart, lung or kidney disease, diabetes and those on medications are more likely to experience heat stress problems. Diet pills, sedatives, tranquilizers, and caffeinated drinks can all worsen heat stress effects. It often takes two to three weeks for employees to become acclimatized to a hot environment. This acclimatization can subsequently be lost in only a few days away from the heat. Thus employees should be more cautious about heat stress after coming back from a vacation, when beginning a new job, or after the season’s first heat wave.In short, precautions should be taken anytime there are elevated temperatures (approaching 33 degrees C) and the job is physically demanding. Other Factors Other heat stress factors are also very important. In addition to temperature, increased relative humidity, decreased air movement or lack of shading from direct heat (radiant temperature) will all affect the potential for heat stress. Prevention of Heat Stress – Supervisors †¢ Allow time for employees to adjust to hot jobs when possible. It often takes two to three weeks for an employee to become acclimated to a hot environment. †¢ Adjust the work schedule, if possible.Assign heavier work on cooler days or during the cooler part of the day. †¢ Reduce the workload. Increase the use of equipment during the summer period to reduce physical labor. †¢ †¢ Establish a schedule for work and rest periods during hot days. Train workers to recognize signs and symptoms of heat stress disorders and be prepared to give first aid if necessary. †¢ Choose appr opriate employees. Avoid placing â€Å"high risk† employees in hot work environments for extended time periods. Realize individual employees vary in their tolerance to heat stress conditions. Prevention of Heat Stress – Site Workers Learn to recognize the symptoms of heat stress. Pace the work, taking adequate rest periods (in shade or cooler environment). †¢ Use adequate fans for ventilation and cooling, especially when wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). †¢ Site workers have to wear regulation overalls and hardhats. Always try to keep shaded from direct sunshine when possible. Your hardhat will not only protect your head from falling objects and such, but will also protect your head from direct sunshine. †¢ Drink plenty of water. In hot environments the body requires more water than it takes to satisfy thirst.Small quantities taken at frequent intervals, about 150-200 mL of water every 15 to 20 minutes is an effective method for body fluid rep lacement. COMMON FORMS OF HEAT STRESS Condition Heat Cramps Signs/Symptoms Painful muscle spasms First Aid Salt water intake (. 5% solution) Sport drink intake (Gatorade) Rest in cool environment Heavy sweating —————————————————————-Brief fainting Blurred vision Water intake Lie down in cool environment Heat Syncope —————————————————————-Dehydration Fatigue Reduced movement Fluid and salted food intakeHeat Exhaustion —————————————————————-Pale and clammy skin Lie down in cool environment Possible fainting Water intake Weakness, fatigue Loosen clothin g Nausea Dizziness Heavy sweating Blurred vision Body temp slightly elevated —————————————————————-Cessation of sweating Immediate, total cooling Skin hot and dry Transport to hospital Red face High body temperature Unconsciousness Collapse Convulsions Confusion or erratic behavior Life threatening condition —————————————————————–Heat Stroke Please direct any safety questions or concerns to SFE/2 the Safety and Fire Department, RAA. Tel: 440-2534

English Longman

My selection is Situation 3 from Page 226. â€Å"Fallen Through The Cracks† Everybody has seen at least one in their lifetime, we all know it. Some of us feel sorry for them, some of us just wish they would get up and do something with their lives. Unfortunately for them, there are far more people that prefer the second option. We would much rather turn the other cheek and pretend we had never seen anything at all. No one ever really thinks of how much they may be hurting someone by just simply walking by.Anyone in their right mind would like to sit on their pedestal and argue that that is wrong and we should help these people get back on their feet. I have yet to see a person do more than drop a couple quarters into the lap of one of these people. I also have a hard time finding any sort of advertisement for helping this country’s less fortunate individuals. As we all know, Americans need to be reminded of what we should be doing, or it will not get done. Yesterday, I was on my way home when I spotted a homeless man sitting next to a building.I parked my vehicle and went over to him. He seemed rather confused about what I was doing, and his first thought must have been that I was there to stare and make fun of him. After being told to go away, I simply said I was there to help. The debate went back and forth for a while until I finally was able to sway his opinion and get him to come with me. I offered for him to come live with me while he finds a job. I told him I would provide food, clothing, transportation to interviews, and toiletry items so he could keep himself looking presentable. We had an accord.On the opposite end of the spectrum, I see literally thousands of people walk by and either act like the person blends in with the background on which they lie, scoff, or say terrible things. Assuming I was in this situation, after a while I might think I am just as worthless as they are saying I am. Also, being so few places to go to seek shelte r or help in improving one self, makes it hard to rise above the current position. Although, some people do deserve the position they are in, many do not, and everyone deserves another chance. No person should have to spend their life n the streets with nothing to call their own when so many people have so much. Locally, a change can be made rather easily, I think. A simple lack of communication seems to be the problem, as far as I can tell. Nobody gets reminded of the issue, therefore, they do not have a drive to do anything about it. Everyone feels they are â€Å"too busy† to make any significant difference. Unless you are working two jobs, going to school full time, and have a family of seven at home, you’re probably not too busy. Five minutes makes a world of difference, and who knows what can be accomplished by simply helping a hand in need?

Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry The WritePass Journal

Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry Introduction Study of Customer Needs and Desires in the Airline Industry IntroductionProductPricePlacePromotion PeopleProcessPhysical evidenceBibliographyRelated Introduction As quoted by Kotler et al 2007:324 â€Å"Almost 28% of all production ideas come from watching and listening to customers†. In the airline industry, customer’s needs and wants are two of the three prime elements to be considered for its development. Other element being desires or demands, which is equally important but not everyone can afford it as it is backed by buying power which is not similar for all. The two prime elements endeavours to enhance the marketing decisions by selecting various methods such as addressing questions as to what are the currents needs and wants of customers, setting the decision making agenda, etc. Enhancing the flow of goods, services and ideas from its creators to the consumers wants and needs, is an activity known as Marketing. Everyone have their own needs, wants and desires, and in order to fulfil these everlasting desires, goods and services are required. Marketing concepts can only be applied if the basic needs, wants and desires of the customers are known. In order to satisfy the customers, promote and sell the products, services and ideas in an effective and more efficient way, marketing strategies like advertisements, campaigning, etc. are being incorporated. Organisations, through effective use of marketing research, should be able to ascertain the needs and wants of the customers and endeavour to deliver benefits that will amplify customer’s lifestyle ensuring a healthy turnover for business. When undertaking to meet the requirements of its customers, an organisation has to consider the four key factors also known as the 4P’s of the marketing mix. The 4P’s consist of product, price, place and promotion. Further to this, in order to serve the customers more effectively and efficiently, additional 3Ps were introduced; people, process and physical evidence respectively. Briefly explaining these, Product According to Holloway 2004, is anything that is offered to the market to satisfy a want or need. Kotler suggests that a product should be viewed at three levels; core product, actual product and augmented product respectively. Price Must be conflicting and must bring about profits. The pricing strategy can consist of discounts, offers and the like. Place Is an area where the products are made available through different channels for the customers to buy. Promotion Includes the methods of communicating to the customers of what the company has to offer and to make them aware of product’s benefits rather than just talking about it. People Expand to customers, management and everyone who is involved in it. It should be realized that the reputation of the brand remains in people’s hand. Process Is a procedure of providing service and thoroughly knowing whether it is helpful to the customer, if they are made available in time and many such things. Physical evidence Refers to such things which aid the customer in what he is buying. For instance, brochures, pamphlets, etc. If properly conducted and implicated, marketing research could have a positive impact in an industry. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative methods, which are frequently used in airline industry, will be appraised in this essay. Over to that, their strengths and weaknesses will be explored while comparing and contrasting these methods, as they apply in airline industry. There is a need to apply qualitative and quantitative research methods, taking into consideration above Kotler’s 2007:324 quotes, to ascertain customer’s needs and wants. According to Alan Bryman and Emma Bell, â€Å"By contrast, qualitative research can be constructed as a research strategy that usually emphasized words rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data† Helle neergaard, John P. Ulhà ¸i 2007:5 suggest that definition of qualitative research provided by Denzin and Lincoln (1994) is considered by many which say that â€Å"it is a multi method in focus, interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpreting phenomena in terms of meanings people bring to them.† Denzin and Lincoln 1994 suggests the basic characteristics of qualitative research are case study, personal experience, introspective, life story interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts. Application of wide range statistical methods to quantify or measure data in terms of value or volume is known as quantitative research. â€Å"Quantitative research uses numerical data, and it characteristically has structured and predetermined research questions, conceptual; frameworks and designs.† (Punch, 2005, 28). According to Lamnek 2005 quantitative research characterises a rather inflexible procedure that is best suited to explanatory, statistical and theory testing purposes. Paul N. Hague (2002) points out that quantitative research is related to the measuring aspects of number of consumers constituting the market. This includes soft phenomena as well as hard phenomena such as consumer’s attitudes and market size, purchase frequencies, brand shares, etc. The elementary characteristics of quantitative research are heart of the research, defined objectives that include hypothesis and focused research design identifies who, how, what, why and when, large enough sa mple to allow for generalisation. In an airline industry, a large scale survey design i.e. quantitative research method would only allow a narrow and restricted view on innovation because such approaches lack depth due to focus shifting on large sample offers only. Besides, within the service sector there is relatively poor data collection and low availability of statistical data on innovation activity (Howells, 2009, 9; Richter Theile, 2007). It is unlikely that senior executives will choose to answer a fairly anonymous survey, as typical percentage for response in surveys on innovation in airline industry are in the low single digits (Maximilian, 2002, 47). As the airline industry is a global industry with a large number of small carriers, it would yield no statistically substantiated results and depth would be missing. Example of such an approach would be a likert scale; all the answers to the questions are numbered as: 1) strongly agree, 2) agree, 3) neither agree nor disagree, 4) disagree, 5) strongly disagree. The strength of such a survey is that consecutively a large number of people can be surveyed all at a time and the questions are close-end. All together they do have a weakness as well which is that interaction, feelings and thoughts will not be expressed freely as needed. Qualitative research, on the other hand, besides using non-numerical and unstructured data, alsy typically has research procedures and questions which are basic at the beginning and become more focused and perspective as the study progresses (Punch, 2005, 28). Qualitative methods permit the analyzer to analyse selected issues in detail and depth (Patton, 1990, 13-14) as they generate detailed information. By contrast, qualitative data are rich while also having a strong handle on â€Å"real life† (Miles Huberman, 1994). As the airline industry is unstructured from a practical point of view and is largely unexplored, therefore that method is applicable which would take advantage of rich empirical data. Consequently, this essay pursues a qualitative approach. The strengths of such an approach are that they encourage greater intensity of ideas and participation of participants in an interactive way where deep feelings and thoughts are considered. Therefore, findings can be turne d into creativity portraying the reality of research population (Masterson Pickton, 2004). The weaknesses of such an approach are that they can be time consuming, difficult to get participants or volunteers to be open with their views depending on the questions asked and, participants are viewed as a small group representing a whole population )Baker, 2007).   The purpose of this essay, to compare and contrast the two different approaches (research methods) of which one was quantitative and the other qualitative using surveys and other methods to meet the needs and wants of customers, is now explored. It can be understood from the above that both the procedures (qualitative and quantitative), praise and strengthen each other and aid to build strong and healthy procedures to help meet customers’ desires. Hence marketing research methods are necessary for airline industry to continue to deliver optimal services to customers. Bibliography Alan Bryman, Emma Bell. (2007). Business research methods. Oxford University Press. Hague, P. N. (2002). Market research: a guide to planning, methodology evaluation. Kogan Page . Helle Neergaard, John P. Ulhà ¸i. (2007). Handbook of qualitative research method in entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar. Holloway, J.C. Plan R.V. (2004). Marketing for Tourism. Harlow: Financial times Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. (2005). Principles of Marketing. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong. (2010). Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education. Punch. 2005. Rothkopf, M. (2009). Innovation in Commoditized Service Industries: An Empirical Case Study. LIT Verlag Mà ¼nster. Baker, J.M. (2007) Marketing Strategy Management, 4th ed. Palgrave Macmillan Kotler, P. (2003), Marketing Management, 5th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Kotler, P., Bowen, J. Makens, J. (2006) Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 4th ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Masterson, R. and Pickton, D. (2004), Marketing An Introduction, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education Kent, R. (2007) Market Research Approaches Methods Applications in Europe. Lambin, J. (2000), Market-Driven Management Strategic operational Marketing, Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave

How to Pronounce Vowels in Italian

How to Pronounce Vowels in Italian Italian pronunciation might pose some difficulties for the beginner. Yet it is very regular, and once the rules are understood, it is easy to pronounce each word correctly. Italian vowels (le vocali) are short, clear-cut, and are never drawn out. The glide, with which English vowels frequently end, should be avoided. Finally, it should be noted that the vowels a, i, and u, are always pronounced the same way. E and o, on the other hand, have an open and a closed sound that may vary from. How to Pronounce Vowels A- sounds like a in fatherE- has two sounds: short vowel like e in pen; long vowel, similar to ai in fairI- sounds like ea in tea or i in marineO- has two sounds: like o in cozy or similar to o in costU- sounds like u in rude Tips: Italian vowels are always articulated in a sharp, clear fashion, regardless of stress. They are never slurred or pronounced weakly.Vowels (a,e,i,o,u) always retain their value in diphthongs.Italian is a phonetic language, which means that it is spoken the way it is written. Italian and English share the Latin alphabet, but the sounds represented by the letters often differ considerably in the two languages.    Examples of Vowels a is like a in the English word ah! Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. casa  houseantipasto  appetizerama  lovesbanana  bananasala  hallPapa  Popefama  famepasta  pasta; dough; pastry e is sometimes like e in the English word they (without the final i glide). Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. e  andbeve  drinksme  mefede  faithvede  seesmele  applessete  thirstpepe  pepper e is sometimes like e in the word met. This is the open e. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. à ¨Ã‚  islento  slowbene  wellfesta  party; holidaysedia  chairpresto  soonvento  windtà ¨Ã‚  tea i is like i in machine. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. libri  booksbimbi  childrenvini  winesviolini  violinstini  vatspini  pines o is sometimes like o in the English word oh!. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. o  ordono  giftnome  namesolo  aloneposto  placetondo  roundvolo  flightmondo  world o is sometimes like o in or. This is the open o. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. moda  fashiontoga  togano  nooro  goldposta  mailbrodo  brothcosa  thingtrono  thronerosa  roseolio  oil u is like u in rule. Here are some examples in Italian with an English translation. luna  moonfungo  mushroomuno  onelungo  longfuga  fuguemulo  muleuso  usetubo  tube

New Parity concepts to address Globalised economy Essay

New Parity concepts to address Globalised economy - Essay Example Financial institutions, pension funds and institutional investors are reaching out the developing and most prospective markets such as China, India and other Asian markets with lot of investments. In this scenario, there has been a need for proper management of rate fluctuation, risk and exchange rate, which allows the estimation of investment yields and global risk premiums. The important issue is hedging of specific international risks through currency overlay strategies, derivatives and credit risk management models. In this highly globalised business scenario, issues in international business such as trade disputes, exchange rates, inflation and currency crises have necessitated more focus on international financial management. Some new approaches for this are characterized by high analytical rigor, substantial attention to empirical evidence, and integration of functional areas (including finance, economics, strategy, and accounting/taxation). (Reid W. Click, Joshua D. Coval, The Theory and Practice of International Financial Management, Prentice Hall; 1st edition) Global flows of funds have caused a substantial change in the international financial markets and foreign currency markets. ... These issues have potential impact on currency values. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), Interest Rate Parity, International Fisher Effect, Fisher Effect, and Forwards Rates are some of the major theories on exchange rates. Regarding parity issue, there are analytical problems with the standard comparisons based on market exchange rates existed in developing countries in the global economy. Purchasing Power Parity measures of Global Domestic Product of countries are popularly used for international comparisons. In PPP measures as standard comparisons of GDPs across countries convert national currency aggregates to a common currency-the US dollar exchange rate. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is a theory of exchange rate determination and a way to compare the average costs of goods and services between countries. PPP has two versions, absolute PPP and relative PPP. The absolute version stands for an equal real price for a commodity in all countries. The relative PPP says that exchange rate between two countries will adjust to reflect changes in the price levels of the same countries. (Solnik, International Investments, Adisson Wesley Longman, Inc, New York, 2000) However interest rate parity thesis envisages as a relationship that holds between spot interest rates of two countries if there are to be no arbitrage opportunity. The relationship depends on the spot and forward exchange rates between the currencies. (http://www.riskglossary.com/link/interest_rate_parity.htm) The generalized version of the Fisher Effect states that real returns are equalized world wide through arbitrage. It says that many factors such as Psychological barriers, legal constraints, transaction costs, taxes, political risks and currency risks have a direct bearing on

A Comparison between Two Possible Methods for Water Provision in South Essay

A Comparison between Two Possible Methods for Water Provision in South East, Queensland, Australia - Essay Example Colvin unveils that rainfall experienced in South-East Queensland has been significantly below average for the past six years, and this has marked the ten year history of severe water shortage in this part of Australia. The situation of water shortage in Australia has led to steaming debate in the political and public spectrum as blames are exchanged to politicians for failing to establish appropriate policies to ensure water security in the South-East Queensland. A portion of blame is also exchanged to the citizens who are perceived to misuse the water, and the potential drought seasons. Showing regard and concern about water shortage experienced in the South- East Queensland, this report is purposed to identify and propose two possible methods of supplying water in the arid areas of the South-East Queens land in Australia. The report will also analyze the cost effects of the two methods identified and propose the convenient method to be adopted first and the one to be adopted in th e process as the actual supply underway. The two methods that shall be addressed by this report will include water recycling and rainwater harvesting. Background The problem of water shortage in the South-East Queensland in Australia dates back about 100 years with the worst historical drought periods was lapsing between 1898 and 1903 (Colvin). However, 1974 offered slight compensation to the past periods of drought as the year experienced historic rains that led to yet historic floods that have never been experienced again in the region. According to Radcliffe (4), the statics of 2003 showing water provision depicted that about 414000ml was used in residential gardens, 183000ml used in laundry, kitchen used 61000ml, and bathroom consumed 317000ml. The 2003 statistics also indicate that the total volume of water consumed in residential was 1219000, industries and businesses consumed 437000ml, local government and its fire-fighters consumer total volume of 139000ml, system losses amo unted to 221000ml as errors in client meters amounted to 49000ml (Radcliffe 4). Importance of the Requirements Rainwater harvesting mainly involves collection of rain water that falls on the roofs and surfaces of structure and tapping that water into storage tanks for future use. Rainwater harvesting could also involve collection of the surface runoffs that forms on the ground and directing such water into storage dams and other water reservoirs for future use in irrigation or in households for cleaning items. When such scarce water is collected in the arid areas, it is usually considered as precious element and will be used with great care (Pigram, 2006, p. 145). Harvesting rainwater has been considered to be of lower cost since the process only requires one to have an iron roofed house of structure and water storage tanks, which are usually obtained at cheaper prices. Collection of rainwater is also environmental friendly since water collected reduces flooding, which might break s ewerage lines and result to unhealthy environment. Rainwater also has gained massive public recognition and acceptance as one of the best means of obtaining fresh water that is rich in natural mineral elements that are good for health. Water recycling simply means to reuse all ready used and contaminated water but after undergoing series of treatment and safety guaranteed for particular use. The sources of recyclable water include sewerages, municipal wastewaters and grey water among other sources of used waters. Recycling water is a friendly undertake to the environmental safety and sanity. Recycling water helps in reducing contaminations and loads of nutrients that may be hazardous to the

Childbirth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childbirth - Essay Example The rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean increased from1989 till 1996 and declined between 1996 and 2003. In the year 2003, 27.6% of all births in the United States resulted from cesarean deliveries. (MMWR, 54(02), 46) An institutional culture that views childbirth as pathological might have contributed to an extent for the increase in cesarean deliveries in the United States. The number of voices urging to make childbirth a human and social, rather than a medical, event signifies this. However, the institutional culture is not the sole reason for these undesirable results. The safety issues of mother and child and medico legal considerations appear to have contributed to the rise. A doctor is more likely to be sued for not doing a cesarean than for doing one. In addition, a high rate of malpractice by the midwives and the insurance costs favored the pregnant women to seek the services of an obstetrician. Childbirth is either by means of a vaginal delivery or a cesarean section. Cesarean sections are carried out by obstetricians. A few alternatives to a normal natural vaginal delivery are there for women in US. They are natural birth with pain medication, aromatherapy at birth, home birth, midwife delivery, birthing centers, water birth and Doula assistance. In a natural birth with pain medication, medication is given to alleviate the

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Example for Free

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Food is an integral part of human life providing energy for cellular activities to keep us healthy. According to World Health Organization (2013), healthy nutrition is ingesting an adequate and well balanced diet in relation to the body’s dietary needs and when combined with regular physical activities is the cornerstone to good health. A diet containing the right portions of all the five food groups of the Eatwell Plate (figure1 and appendix1 for recommended servings) known as a balanced diet will provide the organic macronutrients including proteins, carbohydrates and lipids and the micronutrients, vitamins and minerals to sustain life. Only ingested carbohydrates, proteins and lipids will count towards total caloric intake and will be digested into monomers like glucose for absorption and assimilation. National Health Service (2012) recommends daily caloric intake of 2500Kcal and 2000Kcal which will be derived from the proteins, lipids and carbohydrate sources in a diet for average adult males and females respectively. Age, sex, health condition and physical activities influence dietary needs. This essay will discuss a balanced diet for an adult including the structure, sources, functions, recommended daily allowance (RDAs), deficiency and excessive effects of the macronutrients. Also the micronutrients and water which are not considered as nutrients will be discussed. THE FOOD PYRAMID [pic]Figure1 (NHS 2011) Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. British Nutrition Foundation (2013), recommends that 47.7% (203g) and 48.5% (275g) of daily energy should come from carbohydrates for females and males respectively with 29g being roughages. Carbohydrates exist naturally or refined as monosaccharides that are reducing sugars. Monosaccharides build the complex carbohydrates, disaccharides and polysaccharides through dehydration synthesis. Monosaccharides have general formula (CH2O)n where ‘n’ determines whether pentose(5Carbons) or hexose (6Carbons). Glucose found in maple syrup, fructose in corn syrup and galactose in honey are hexose-isomers; having the same formula, C6H12O6 but different structures. The disaccharides with the general formula C12H22O11 are sucrose made from fructose and glucose, maltose from two glucose molecules and lactose from galactose and glucose. Sucrose is derived from beet sugar, lactose from milk and maltose from vinegar. The polysaccharides with general formula (C6H10O5)n where 40≠¤n≠¤3000, exist as starch or non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) which can be soluble or insoluble. Starch consists of glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds. The NSPs include oligosaccharide (raffinose) and cellulose (dietary fibre). Potatoes, yams and cassava are rich in starch and are very digestible. Whole grain cereals, legumes (appendix2), fruits and storage vegetables like asparagus and cabbage are rich in the NSPs. Raffinose is an indigestible trisaccharide of fructose,glucose and galactose with formula C18H32O16. Animal sources of carbohydrates are liver and scallops. Carbohydrates provide sweetness and are the primary source of energy especially for brain and blood cells. Cellular respiration converts glucose monomers into ATP. Fats cannot be oxidised without glucose. Most NSPs are partially digestible or indigestible due to lack of ÃŽ ±-galactosidae (enzyme) in GI Tract. They reduce glycaemia index and plasma cholesterol levels, increase bile acid excretion, promote normal laxation and prevent breast cancer, gallstones, haemorrhoids, and irritable bowel syndrome (Kumar et all 2012). Furthermore, Kumar (2012) concluded that excessive carbohydrates will cause dental decay, kidney damage, stroke, diabetes due to obesity and short term conditions like hyperglycaemia. Carbohydrate deficiency will cause constipation, fatigue, weak immunity, muscle cramps and ketosis; this is very rare as 50g/day of carbohydrate is needed to prevent ketosis. THE DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM MALTOSE [pic]Figure2 EQUATION: (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O) (Marshall University 2012) Proteins or polypeptides consist of three to 100000 or more long chains of the organic molecules called amino acids joined together by covalent peptide bonds. A protein of two amino acids is called a dipeptide. There are 20 common forms of amino acids either termed non-essential (synthesised by the liver) and essential that needs to be ingested. Proteins consist of a central carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, amino group (-NH2), Carboxylic group (-COOH) and the variable R group (figure3). The term amino acid is derived from the amino and carboxylic groups that all amino acids have in common. According Kuil (2012), principal sources of proteins are lean meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, cereals, legumes (refer to appendix3), cereals and processed food like low-fat milk. Proteins form about 45% of human body and perform the following seven essential functions: structural (hair, ligaments), contractile (muscles), transport (haemoglobin), metabolic regulation (enzymes), buffering, defence (antibodies) and coordination and control (hormones) (Martini 2006). Haemoglobin transports oxygen and a lack of protein (haemoglobin) can deny vital organs the needed oxygen for metabolism. Protein deficiency can also cause fatigue, anaemia, weak immunity, skin problems, impairment of cognition and mental health problems. Whereas excessive proteins can cause obesity, osteoporosis and kidney stones (Georgetown University 2012). About 15% of an adults’ caloric intake should come from protein equivalent to 56g and 46g for male and female respectively (Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2012). DEHYDRATION OF AMINO ACIDS TO FORM DIPEPTIDE PROTEINS [pic]Figure3 (Marshall University 2012) Lipids are made up of an even number of carbon from 12 to 20, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes traces of phosphorus, sulphur or nitrogen. Lipids are grouped into 4: steroids, phospholipids, waxes and glycerides. Most of the 70 identified lipids are synthesised by the body whereas linoleic (omega6) and alpha-linolenic (omega3) acids are two essential lipids to be ingested. They are mostly insoluble due to the long chain of hydrophobic carbon-carbon end bonded to a short hydrophilic carboxyl group. The double covalent bond, (C=C) determines whether saturated (no C=C) or monounsaturated (1 C=C) or polyunsaturated (2 or more C=C). Glycerides are made up of glycerol bonded to 1 or more fatty acids by dehydration synthesis, triglyceride with 3 fatty acids is the predominant of the lipids (refer figure4). Unsaturated sources of lipids are olive oil, peanut, salmon, halibut and avocados. Saturated sources are butter, sausage and hydrogenated oil. According to British Dietetic Association (2013), adults should consume not more than 20-30g of saturated-fat with 5g or less being trans-fat since saturated lipids are high in cholesterol. The structural lipids form cell membranes. Also fat cushions and protects organs including liver, heart, and kidney, energy source; twice as much as carbohydrates and proteins, thermoregulation (insulation), sex hormones, transport vitamins and monounsaturated fat can decrease cholesterol levels (USA Department of Agriculture, 2010). Excessive consumption of lipids will lead to obesity which is characterised by high BMI as shown in appendix 2, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, colorectal cancer and diabetes, whereas deficiency will result in the body lacking the vital vitamins A,D,E and K (Schenker, 2012). DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM TRIGLYCERIDE [pic]Figure4 (Marshall University 2012) The micronutrients, vitamins and minerals are needed in minute quantities. Minerals can be classified as major or trace of which a few are essential including sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, etc. (refer to appendix4 for RDAs). According to Higdon and Drake (2011), sources of minerals are plants that derive them from the soil and move on the food chain to the herbivores like cattle that eat them. Spinach, legumes, whole grains, dairy products, red meat, soybeans, salmon, cod, iodised table salt (iodine, sodium, chlorine) and eggs are excellent sources of minerals. According to Whitley and Rolfes (2011), minerals perform the following functions: the electrolytes, sodium, potassium and chlorine transmit nerve impulses, control fluid balance (providing optimum pH for enzyme activities), control blood pressure and relax and contract muscles. Zinc, copper and selenium are antioxidants; they reduce the risk of heart diseases. Iron forms haemoglobin. Sodium and potassium coregulate ATP production. Calcium and phosphorus control blood clotting and together with magnesium build bones, teeth, maintain muscle and nerve cells. Iodine is needed for the production of thyroxin; deficiency will cause goitre. Since some minerals are coenzymes, deficiency will cause malfunctioning cellular activities (digestion, metabolism). Iron deficiency causes anaemia whereas calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (hypocalcaemia) deficiency will cause osteoporosis. Calcium, magnesium and the electrolytes deficiencies will cause weakness, muscle cramps and impaired alertness. Zinc deficiency causes diarrhoea, skin and prostate cancers. Their intake should be balanced with use and excretion as excess may cause Hyperkalaemia (potassium), kidney-stones (calcium) and hypernatremia (sodium). Vitamins are grouped into water soluble (WSV) including C and B complex vitamins; they cannot be stored and therefore, it is imperative to be part of a balanced diet, and fat soluble (FS) including vitamins K,E,D, and A; they can be stored (refer appendix 5 for RDA). Green leafy vegetables (lettuce), oranges, kiwi fruit, avocados, whole grains and cereals, banana, dairy products, liver, poultry, pork, oily fish, eggs, soybeans, chickpeas and nuts are excellent sources of the vitamins (Firth 2011). Vitamin K can be synthesised in the intestine which helps the blood clot whereas Vitamin D can be synthesised by the body using sunlight to help the absorption of calcium and phosphorus (Cranney et al (2010). Vitamins A and C build immunity. Vitamins B1,B2,B3, and biotin help release energy. Vitamin A, niacin and pantothenic acid aid the absorption and use of macronutrients monomers. Vitamin C makes collagen and enhances folate absorption. Vitamin deficiency generally causes weak immunity and osteoporosis (Vitamin D), scurvy (Vitamin C), beriberi (B1), anaemia (B12 and folate) and night blindness (Vitamin A). Excessive amounts of vitamins E and K are usually not harmful but excess A,D and the WSV which can be excreted cause kidney problems and hypercalcaemia (excess D). Excessive vitamin C causes diarrhoea (NHS 2012). In conclusion, spending excessively on supplements and creams as well as engaging in dangerous diets like the Atkins Diet are not necessary. The secret to healthy living is carefully selecting the right proportions of food from the Eatwell plate, drinking enough water in combination with regular exercises. Figure 5 and appendix 6 show functions of water. Consider the positives and negatives when selecting food products such as red meat; rich in protein but high in cholesterol whereas fatty fish enhances calcium absorption. Soybean, liver, green leafy vegetables, whole grains and legumes will provide almost all the nutrients; combine them in your diet in right proportions for optimal hormonal, metabolic, mental and physical functions of the body. It is important to consult a doctor before starting any diet as nutritional needs are affected by health and some medications affect absorption of nutrients. FUNCTIONS OF WATER IN THE BODY [pic]Figure 5 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2013 LIST OF APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1 |FOOD GROUP |SERVINGS PER DAY | |Carbohydrates including bread, pasta, rice, potatoes and other starchy foods |6-10 servings | |Fruits and vegetables |3-5 servings | |Meat, fish, eggs, beans and nuts |2-3 servings | |Milk and dairy foods |2-3 servings | |Food and drinks high in fat and/or in sugar |Use sparingly | University of Michigan Integrative Medicine, 2010 APPENDIX 2: OBESITY AND BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) |BMI |LEVEL OF OBESITY | |Below 18.5 |Underweight | |From 18.5-24.9 |Healthy Range | |From 25-30 |Pre Obese | |Above 30 |Obese | NHS, 2012 APPENDIX 3: FOOD GROUPS AND EXAMPLES |FOOD GROUP |EXAMPLES | |Legumes |Beans, Lentils, Peas, Chickpeas, French beans, Kidney , soybeans, Coco beans etc. | |Whole grains |Barley, Corn, Millet, Oats, Rice, Milo, Wheat | |Green leafy vegetables |Spinach, Broccoli, Lettuce, Cabbage, Mustard green, Kale examples | APPENDIX 4: MINERALS AND THEIR RDA |SYMBLE |SOURCES |RDA | |Na (Sodium) |Table Salt, Sea vegetables, spinach, milk |6g | |Ca (Calcium) |Salmon, Sardine, eggs, dairy products, nuts, oregano |700mg | |K (Potassium) |Spinach, legumes, tomatoes, banana, avocado, whole grains and |3500mg | | |yams | | |P (Phosphate) |Fish, poultry, oats, rice, red meat, |700mg | |Fe (Iron) |Eggs, spinach, shrimps, soybeans, lentils, tomatoes, olives, |M=8.7mg / F=4.8mg | | |tomatoes | | |Mg (Magnesium) |Spinach, soybean, sea vegetables, tomatoes, beans, brazil nuts|M=300mg / F=270mg | |I (Iodine) |Eggs, milk, fish, shellfish, yoghurt, strawberries, iodised |0.14mg | | |salt | | |Se (Selenium) |Cod, salmon, garlic, lamb, cheese, calf liver, barley, brazil |75mcg | | |nuts | | |Zn (Zinc) |Calf liver, spinach, eggs, oats, oyster, lean pork and beef, |M=5.5-9.5mg / F=4-7mg | | |asparagus | | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health, 2010 APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS AND THEIR RDA’S |VITAMIN |SOURCES |RDA | |Retinol (A) |Liver, fish oil, carotenoids, milk fortified |M=0.7mg / F=0.6mg | |Ascorbic acid (C) |Citrus (oranges), kiwi fruit, broccoli |40mg | |Thiamin (B1) |Liver, pork, whole grains and products |M=1mg / F=0.8mg | |Riboflavin (B2) |Liver, eggs, milk, rice, mushrooms |M=1.3mg / F=1.1mg | |Niacin (B3) |Poultry, fish, beef, peanut butter, legumes |M=17mg / F=13mg | |Pyridoxine (B6) |Liver, pork, legumes, fish, whole grains |M=1.4mg / F=1.2mg | |Cobalamin (B12) |Beef, poultry, cod, salmon, cheese, eggs |0.0015mg | |Vitamin E |Vegetable oil, green vegetables, nuts |12mg | |Folate |Broccoli, peas, asparagus, brown rice |0.2mg | |Pantothenic acid |Milk, fruits, veggies, meat, fish, grains |10mg | |Biotin |Cottage cheese, liver, eggs, peanut, grain |300mcg | |Vitamin K |Green vegetables, fruits, nuts |75mg | |Note that Vitamin K can be synthesised in the intestine whereas Vitamin D can be derived salmon, fortified cereals and juices, milk and | |sunlight (No RD A but 15minutes in the sun thrice a week is enough) | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health, 2010 APPENDIX 6: RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE FOR WATER |SEX |RDA FOR WATER | |MALE |3.7L with no upper limit increase with exercise to rehydrate | |FEMALE |2.7L with no upper limit increase with exercise to rehydrate and increase intake when | | |breast feeding. | INSTITUTE OF MEDICENE 2004 REFERENCE LIST ONLINE âž ¢ British Dietetic Association (2013) Food fact sheet: cholesterol [Online] Available from: http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ British Nutrition Foundation (2013) Confusion on fat and heart health [Online]. 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