Essay about Evaluating Teachers - 3174 Words

Running Head: A STICKY AFFAIR: EVALUATING TEACHERS A STICKY AFFAIR: EVALUATING TEACHERS Daniel De Jesus EDA 551 Grand Canyon University March 23, 2011 ii) Responding to Parent’s Letter (1) Formal Response 123 Lincoln Ave Orange, NJ 07050 October 26, 2010 Mrs. Robertson 250 Central Ave Orange, NJ 07050 Dear Mrs. Robertson: I write this letter to completely reassure you that we are taking the concerns you brought up with the utmost seriousness that they deserve. As a matter of fact, we have investigated the matter the last couple of days to ascertain the facts and events of what happened in Ms. Paulson’s Computer Technology Class on Monday during the third period. There were 27 students†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, considering the letter mentioned the parent going to the media as a result of the incident, it is important to show swift action and resolve in dealing with this issue in an effort to show how both parental concerns and the reputation of our school as an educational institution are seriously addressed and taken into account. One understands that Ms. Paully Paulson is a non-tenured staff member who has not been around our school for much longer than a year on this type of setting. At the same time, inexperience and lack of familiarity with certain skills and techniques to deal with classroom management cannot be the only issue that needs to be addressed in this incident. The way pictures of a pornographic nature were able to be shown in a classroom setting is a very serious issue that one hopes never has to occur again. Based on the past evaluation of Ms. Paully Paulson, it has been shown that she has had difficulty with classroom management in the past, and the couple of times I have dropped in to check on her work this certainly appears to continue being the case, as oftentimes she was overly focused on individual instruction and some kids were not properly supervised on a consistent basis. I will bring these concerns to her to make sure that Ms. Paulson receives adequateShow MoreRelatedEvaluating A Tea cher On The State Of Georgia1202 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Evaluating of a Teacher in the state of Georgia Based on the Georgia Department of Education, Georgia has a new way of evaluating all of its teachers. Beginners teachers are held with the same standards as tenured teachers. The evaluation is through Teacher Keys Effectiveness System (TKES) which is consist of three components which gives to an overall Teacher Effectiveness Measure (TEM). 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In addition, through this plan teachers usually teach the English language as a second language through a system that is differentiated according to English language development levels. In setting up a criteria for learning English as a second language using Textbooks, it important to note as Oshima and Hogue (2015) argued that â€Å"teachers of English who strongly rely on textbooks, are the ones who are mostly unqualified to interpretRead MoreWhy Students Should Grade Teachers958 Words   |  4 PagesThe tables have turned, students are grading their teachers. From the beginning of their educational life students have been graded by teachers. It only makes sense to let the students that are with the teachers almost every day of the week decide how well the teacher is teaching. Education is a huge part of every student s life. The main goal of schools should be to teach the students the best that they can. What better way to determine if a teacher is teaching at the best of their ability than toRead More Assessing Teachers’ Effectiveness Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe techniques used in evaluating effectiveness of teachers have changed over time together with the definition of effective teaching. These changes have been brought by increased federal and state supervision of accountability of teachers both in schools an d in class. Most researchers concede that good teaching is crucial and a key factor in improving students performance. However, researchers have not agreed on the best way of measuring teachers’ effectiveness, because there is no consensus onRead MoreProfessional Development Essay764 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment. This is a very interested research project because it takes a look at the teachers themselves instead of the students. Almost always, the students are blamed for not spending enough time on their studies or on their schoolwork. 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Vaccines And Its Effect On Health Care - 1163 Words

The introduction of vaccines has been a great advancement in the world of medicine. This ground- breaking discovery has a tremendous effect on health care by putting an end to diseases that might otherwise be untreatable. Diseases such as typhoid, whooping cough, and polio which threaten many countries worldwide are now preventable after the discovery of the vaccine. Although the development of vaccines has led to the prevention of deadly illnesses, there has been may controversy based on whether these vaccines has side effects that outweigh the benefits. More specifically, many people are concerned that vaccines are potentially linked to autism, causing parents making the decision of denying vaccinations for their children. Over the years, doctors, and scientists have taken a particular interest in vaccines, researching any scientific evidence to support the idea that autism is caused by vaccines. In the end, however, they have found scientific evidence to support there is, in fact, no casual relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism. The issue of vaccination administration and whether or not they lead to the development of autism or autism spectrum disorders has caught the attention of major public health organizations and have caused them to perform various studies to help conduct their research. A study was conducted in the United kingdom to investigate types of exposures that increased the risk of autism. They tested exposures in early life, wild measles,Show MoreRelatedVaccine Hesitancy And Its Effects On The Public Health Care System1651 Words   |  7 PagesVaccine hesitancy Vaccines have existed for several decades , since 19th century . They are one of the preventive measures for the public health care system. 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Most people agree that vaccinations should be mandated because of how being vacc inated keeps people safer in public environments since being vaccinated helps stop diseases from being spread, as proven by science, but people who do not agree with vaccination mandation most of the timeRead MoreThe Incidence Of Cervical Cancer983 Words   |  4 PagesHPV rates among Hispanics, access to HPV vaccine, cervical cancer, health care access, and disparities. The databases that I searched were CINAHL, the American Cancer Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. My only search criteria was that the articles had to have been published after the year 2011 and be in English. Finding articles related to the subject was not difficult since this is a well addressed and relevant health subject. RESULTS According to the literatureRead MoreShould There Be Mandatory Vaccinations for Children Entering School?1582 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Should there be mandatory vaccinations for children entering school?† There are many diseases that are preventable with the use of vaccines such as measles, pertussis, polio and rubella. In the United States, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate vaccinations for children upon entering school in 1855. Since then each state has added or amended various requirements of the vaccination schedule. However, various exemptions exist to override vaccinations such as religious reasons, or medicalRead MoreVaccine Shortage : Influenza Vaccine922 Words   |  4 PagesInfluenza Vaccine Shortage The influenza virus continues to burden communities across the nation and vaccination has been established as an invaluable prevention measure in efforts to control the infectious disease. 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Nation wide people have their own opinions on the HPV vaccine, and weatherRead MoreHPV Vaccines1438 Words   |  6 PagesUtilizing the Health Belief Model, research has found many different factors that influence beliefs and compliance behavior with the HPV vaccine and some interventions that might increase compliance. In a study done by Kelly Rhea MacArthur evaluating the role of trust in HPV vaccine decision making among college students, it was found that perceived severity and perceived efficacy are two barriers that can be addressed by forming a trusting relationship with a health care provider (MacArthur, 2017)Read MorePolicy Topics Of Maternal And Child Health Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pages Q139/CE/ 25982/2014 School: Public Health Department: Environmental Health Unit Code: PRH 815 – Safe motherhood and perinatal Health Lecturer: Dr. B.Gichuru Task: Assignment Policy issues related to maternal and child Health Introduction The Constitution of Kenya 2010 provides for a rights-based approach in providing every person the utmost attainable standard of health .The Constitution introduced a devolved system of government

Governance in Health Care Inequality and Ethnic Differences

Question: Discuss about the Report for Governance in Health Care of Inequality and Ethnic Differences. Answer: Introduction The health outcome of the indigenous population depends on social, political and environmental factors. According to 2013 census, the indigenous population in New Zealand comprises 14.9% Maoris, 11.80% Asian and 7.40% Pacific Islander people. Among them, Maoris has the poorest health outcome than any other population group in New Zealand (2013 Census QuickStats about national highlights. 2016). Disparities in health outcome between Maoris and non-Maoris mainly occur due to the difference in lifestyle factor and availability of health care and discrimination. Health expectancies and quality of life differs in this group (Pool, 2014). This finding suggests that new approach is required in closing the gap in the social determinant of health is required to provide equal access to care. Therefore, this report mainly focuses on the issue of lack of access to care in Maori population. It will develop a plan using the main principles of Treaty of Waitangi to take relevant action that address es the health need of the population. Reasons for health inequity in Maoris A research on social determinants of health in New Zealand suggests that gap in Indigenous disadvantage is not closing due to social and economic issues experienced by the Maori population (Mitro et al., 2014). Different studies suggest the different explanation for health inequality between Maoris and non-Maoris. Yon and Crimmins, (2014) interprets that health inequity in Maoris takes place due to genetic or cultural differences in indigenous groups. However, genetic variation is not dependent on race, and they are not the reasons for public health concern. Firstly, disparities in health occur due to the difference in socioeconomic factors between Maoris and non-Maoris. Unfair dissemination of social determinants like income, housing and unemployment triggers health inequalities (Harris, Cormack Stanley, 2013). According to health status data, the life expectancy at birth in Maori male was found to be 73 years compared to 80.3 years in the non-Maori male. Similarly, life expectancy for Maori female and the non-Maori female was 77 years and 83 years respectively (Life expectancy, 2016). Maoris also had the high rate of disability compared to non-Maoris. About 17% of Maori children and 44% Maori adults are obese. The Maori smoking rate is also higher than general population (Sandiford Bramley, 2013). Apart from suicide and accidents, it was found that major cause of death in both Maoris and non-Maoris were chronic diseases (NgÄ  mana hauora tÃ…Â «tohu: Health status indicators. 2016). Therefore, Maoris are exposed to infectious diseases early in life. Besides this, lifestyle factors of Maoris also affect their health status. A survey on Maoris health showed that Maoris smoke more tobacco than non-Maoris (Gifford et al., 2016). Therefore this habit can act as a risk factor for many diseases. 46% of Maori men suffer from hypertension compared to 43% in non-Maoris. The rate of diabetes and obesity is also higher among deprived Maori population (Lis Ell ison-Loschmann, 2006). The rate of mortality due to diseases in Maoris suggests the difference in access to care leading to the poor health outcome. Remote locations, unawareness about diseases and the high cost of treatment act as the barrier to access to care in Maoris. Addressing health needs of Maori population by the principles of Treaty of Waitangi The plan is to reduce the gap in health status between Maoris and general population by utilizing the Treaty of Waitangi and structuring health care services in such a way that addressed the health need of Maoris. To protect the Maori interest, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between Maori and the British Crown in 1840 (Orange, 2015). The three principles of the Treaty of Waitangi are as follows: Partnership principle- It involves engaging with the Maori community to establish health and disability services and improving health outcome in the population (Orange, 2015).Acting by this principle will mean taking the initiative to establish Maoris specific health services in their local areas and making it affordable for them. Participation principle- It means Maoris should also be involved in all segments of health care such as decision making as well as delivery of care services (Johnston, 2013). Action can be taken to enhance health promotion and disease control activities by involving Maoris in health care delivery too. It will help in providing competent care according to social and cultural needs of the indigenous population (Ware, 2013). Protection principle- In this case, the Government will intervene to ensure equal access to health in Maoris and Non-Maoris and also protect the Maori values and culture. Working according to this principle will mean developing policies for cultural safety and expansion of health service to treat diverse form of illness in this group (Makowharemahihi et al., 2016). A detailed discussion of the chosen health issue as it relates nationally and locally Smoking is the most prevalent health issues in Maoris compared to other ethnic group in Australia. They first came in contact with tobacco when the British gave it as gifts to them for the purpose of colonization. According to current estimates, 32.7% of them are regular smokers. The rate of smoking is 30.5% among men and 34.7% among women. The initiation of smoking among Maoris in Aotearoa begins at the age of 14 years (Maori smoking, 2016). Compared to non-Maori population, larger percentage of Maoris is exposed to second-hand smoke. It accounts for largest preventable cause of death in New Zealand. As smoking is linked to many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, it is also the reason for lower life expectancy among Maoris. Despite high rate of smoking, 62.3% of them had made attempts to quit smoking till the year 2011 (New Zealand Medical Journal, 2016). Variation in social status also leads to disparities in health status of a population. A correlation has been found between the deprivation and the impact of social inequality upon smoking rate in Maoris. Women are mostly influenced by the effect of inequality and therefore women have high smoking rate. In case of men, it has been found that effect of social inequality is felt more in rural area compared to urban areas. Hence government health policies must focus on reducing the issues leading to social inequality to reduce smoking rates among this group in New Zealand (Barnett, 2016). A range of indicators related to the health status of Maoris such as life expectancy, the major cause of death, diagnosis of diseases, immunization, suicide rate, mental health and interpersonal violence suggest the lack of access to care as the major contributing factor for poor health outcome (Sheridan et al., 2011). The rate of immunization coverage in Maori children was also lower than that of non- Maoris (Health status indicators, 2016).Because of lack of access to care, Maoris receive lower than the acceptable standard of care. A survey investigating the reasons for the lack of access to care in Maoris shows that 38% Maoris complain about the problem in accessing required health care service in their local area due to remote locations. Many of them are deprived of high quality care services because they cannot afford the cost of medical services (Gibson et al., 2015). Therefore, cost also acts a significant barrier to access health care services in Maoris. A New Zealand Health Survey investigated about the level of development chronic care management system across district health boards. It was found that addressing health inequity in Maoris is embedded only in policies and despite recognition of several unmet needs of the population, health professionals or services do not reach them. It was also found that many nurses are reluctant to deliver care to this group because of cultural barriers (Sheridan et al., 2011). It is necessary to provide care to vulnerable population by reducing the impact of health inequality in their life (Douglas et al., 2014). This highlights the issues of lack of access to care in the Maoris and the needs to train medical staffs to deliver care according to the cultural preference of the group. Thus, New Zealand struggles to put adequate equity principles in place. Hence, a major restructuring of the health care system in New Zealand is required to reduce the gap in health inequality present between Maoris an d non-Maori population. Use of Treaty of Waitangi to plan and address health inequity in Maoris The principles of the Treaty of Waitangi can be effectively utilized by mean of proper planning to restructure the health system that looks after the health concerns of Maoris. It will mean understanding the cultural difference in the Maori population (Ramsden, 2015). As there is several evidence regarding the culture of Maoris acting as a barrier to access to care, the priority is to implement policies related to cultural competency skill in nurses and physician. Nurse also need to be aware of policy development in the area of health inequality (Nairn et al., 2014). This action is guided by the Protection principle of the Treaty of Waitangi. It will involve training all new health professional regarding developing cultural awareness and cultural sensitivity of the Maoris (Kirmayer, 2012). It will help in communicating in a better manner with the Maoris to understand their health issues and contribute to the achievement of positive health outcome. Simulation training can be given to nurses so that they can easily engage and interact with Maoris (Orr et al., 2013). Effective clinical practice will be possible not only by understanding their generation, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, religious belief and disability but also by learning to reflect on health situations critically. It will help to preserve the cultural identity of Maoris and also empower them to improve their health status (Makowharemahihi et al., 2016). For example in case health eating habits in Maori population, it will be necessary that nurses engage which such people and understand the factors that lead to obesity in this group (Penn Kerr, 2014). The second plan of action is to enhance the delivery of care by encouraging Maoris also to enter health care profession by the participation principle of the Treaty of Waitangi. This will be a critical step as medical staff from the same cultural background can provide holistic care to patients. A responsible Maori nurse and medical team can communicate information about chronic and infectious diseases to them in a more efficient and timely manner too. It will minimize the need for cultural training and competency training as Maoris is themselves aware of the cultural sensitivities inherent in their community (Huey, Tilley, Jones Smith, 2014). Health promotion activities can help in engagement of community and supporting them to get involved in health care service (Percival et al., 2016). The partnership principle of the Treaty of the Waitangi can be utilized to develop and establish the health clinic and hospitals in the resident area of Maori population. This will be a critical step in improving access to care and make it easier for the population to seek emergency health services. Government action will require in this case to make the fund available for the establishment of health services in local areas. This reform will have a direct impact on the health outcome of the group and lead to reduced rate of mortality and morbidity associated with diseases. A reform of policy framework is needed to effectively implement culturally competent care and create an empowering environment for Maori population (Kirmayer Brass, 2016). Conclusion From the report on increasing health disparity between Maoris and non-Maoris, it can be concluded that improving accessibility and affordability of care is essential in New Zealand. This report identified the major reasons for poor health outcome in Maoris and outlined the trend of lack of access to care in the group both nationally and locally. Finally, it proposed a plan based on identification of barrier in access to care and proposed a plan that utilizes the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi to improve health status in Maoris. Thus, delivery of a culturally competent care is expected to improve health outcome as well as reduce the gap in health care delivery in Maori population. Reference 2013 Census QuickStats about national highlights. (2016).Stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-about-national-highlights/cultural-diversity.aspx Barnett R, e. (2016).Social inequality and ethnic differences in smoking in New Zealand. - PubMed - NCBI.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087149 Douglas, M. K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D. F., Callister, L. C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., ... Purnell, L. (2014). Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care.Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 1043659614520998. from https://tcn.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/02/14/1043659614520998.extract Gibson, O., Lisy, K., Davy, C., Aromataris, E., Kite, E., Lockwood, C., ... Brown, A. (2015). Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25998148 Gifford, H., Tautolo, E. S., Erick, S., Hoek, J., Gray, R., Edwards, R. (2016). A qualitative analysis of MÄ ori and Pacific smokers' views on informed choice and smoking.BMJ open,6(5), e011415. Retrieved 8 September from https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/5/e011415.full Harris, R. B., Cormack, D. M., Stanley, J. (2013). The relationship between socially-assigned ethnicity, health and experience of racial discrimination for MÄ ori: analysis of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey.BMC public health,13(1), 1. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24028091 Health consequences of tobacco use for MÄ oricessation essential for reducing inequalities in health - New Zealand Medical Journal. (2016).Nzma.org.nz. Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2013/vol-126-no-1379/article-glover Huey Jr, S. J., Tilley, J. L., Jones, E. O., Smith, C. A. (2014). The contribution of cultural competence to evidence-based care for ethnically diverse populations.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,10, 305-338. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24437436 Johnston, K. (2013). Treaty of Waitangi.NZ Law Review,2013, 159-689. Kirmayer, L. (2012). Rethinking cultural competence.Transcultural Psychiatry,49(2), 149. Retrieved 8 September from https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplaycrawlid=1doctype=citedocid=2013+NZ+Law+Review+159srctype=smisrcid=3B15key=0184338fe722164225c875c18294362d Kirmayer, L. J., Brass, G. (2016). Addressing global health disparities among Indigenous peoples.The Lancet. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27108233 Life expectancy. (2016).Stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 16 September 2016, from https://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/health/life_expectancy.aspx Lis Ellison-Loschmann, N. (2006). Improving Access to Health Care Among New Zealands Maori Population.American Journal Of Public Health,96(4), 612. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470538/ Makowharemahihi, C., Wall, J., Keay, G., Britton, C., McGibbon, M., LeGeyt, P., ... Signal, V. (2016). Quality Improvement: Indigenous Influence in Oral Health Policy, Process, and Practice.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved,27(1), 54-60. Retrieved 8 September from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/608839/summary Maori smoking (2016). Retrieved 24 October 2016, from https://www.ash.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Maori-smoking-2013-14.pdf Mitrou, F., Cooke, M., Lawrence, D., Povah, D., Mobilia, E., Guimond, E., Zubrick, S. R. (2014). Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Retrieved 8 September from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24568143 Nairn, R., DeSouza, R., Barnes, A. M., Rankine, J., Borell, B., McCreanor, T. (2014). Nursing in media-saturated societies: implications for cultural safety in nursing practice in Aotearoa New Zealand.Journal of Research in Nursing,19(6), 477-487 from https://jrn.sagepub.com/content/19/6/477.short NgÄ  mana hauora tÃ…Â «tohu: Health status indicators. (2016).Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/populations/maori-health/tatau-kahukura-maori-health-statistics/nga-mana-hauora-tutohu-health-status-indicators Orange, C. (2015).The treaty of Waitangi. Bridget Williams Books. Orr, F., Kellehear, K., Armari, E., Pearson, A., Holmes, D. (2013). The distress of voice-hearing: The use of simulation for awareness, understanding and communication skill development in undergraduate nursing education.Nurse education in practice,13(6), 529-535 from https://www.sciencedirect.com//asciencerticle/pii/S1471595313000838 Penn, S., Kerr, J. (2014). Childhood obesity: The challenges for nurses: It is vital that nurses understand the factors that can lead to weight problems and engage with young people and their families to promote healthy diets and lifestyles, say Sarah Penn and Joanne Kerr.Nursing children and young people,26(2), 16-21 from https://journals.rcni.com/doi/abs/10.7748/ncyp2014.03.26.2.16.e398 Percival, N., ODonoghue, L., Lin, V., Tsey, K., Bailie, R. S. (2016). improving health Promotion Using Quality improvement Techniques in australian indigenous Primary health care.Frontiers in public health,4 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4812048/ Pool, I. (2014). Health Implications of Ethnic and Gender Gaps in Survival: A Cohort Analysis.New Zealand Population Review,40, 41. from https://search.proquest.com/openview/1086c4ff7c57c5b0b3bf4a50ba951802/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=1036396 Ramsden, I. (2015). 1 Towards cultural safety.Cultural Safety in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1. Sandiford, P., Bramley, D. (2013). Application of the modified PGW method for determining the smoking attributable fraction of deaths in New Zealand Maori, Pacific and non-Maori non-Pacific populations.Demographic Research,28, 207-228 from https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol28/7/ Sheridan, N., Kenealy, T., Connolly, M., Mahony, F., Barber, P., Boyd, M. et al. (2011). Health equity in the New Zealand health care system: a national survey.International Journal For Equity In Health,10(1), 45. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-10-45 Sheridan, N., Kenealy, T., Connolly, M., Mahony, F., Barber, P., Boyd, M. et al. (2011). Health equity in the New Zealand health care system: a national survey.International Journal For Equity In Health,10(1), 45. Retrieved from https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-9276-10-45 Ware, V. (2013).Improving the accessibility of health services in urban and regional settings for Indigenous people(Vol. 27). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Yon, Y., Crimmins, E. M. (2014). Cohort Morbidity Hypothesis: Health Inequalities of Older Maori and non-Maori in New Zealand.New Zealand Population Review,40, 63. Retrieved 8 September from https://population.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NZPR-Vol-40-_Yon-and-Crimmins.pdf

Mythology Burial Practices Of The Ancient Egyptian And Greco-Roman Cul

Mythology Burial Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for the next cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in a multitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funerary services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead can provide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practices and myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received from Timothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital information regarding the transition into another life. Regarding the burial practices of Greece and Rome, parts of Homer's Odyssey are useful in the analysis of proper interment methods. One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricate process known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved process spanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs were removed with one exce ption, the heart. If the body was not already West of the Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying process was initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of the Nile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of the substance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process of dehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint the body with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthy enough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremonies to ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of a special funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure a successful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heart did not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess of justice and divine order, Maat. The priest also made use of a "peculiar ritual instrumen t, a sort of chisel, with which he literally opened the mouth of the deceased." This was done to ensure that the deceased was able to speak during their journeys in Duat. Another practice used by the Egyptians to aid the departed soul involved mass human sacrifice. Many times if a prominent person passed away the family and servants would willfully ingest poison to continue their servitude in the next world. The family members and religious figureheads of the community did just about everything in their power to aid the deceased in the transition to a new life. The community made sure the chamber was furnished with "everything necessary for the comfort and well-being of the occupants." It was believed that the individual would be able of accessing these items in the next world. Some of the most important things that the deceased would need to have at his side were certain spells and incantations. A conglomeration of reading material ensured a successful passage; The Pyramid Texts, The Book of the Dead, and the Coffin Texts all aided the lost soul in their journey through Duat into the Fields of the Blessed. "Besides all these spells, charms, and magical tomb texts, the ancient practice of depositing in the tomb small wooden figures of servants was employed." These "Ushabi statuettes" as they are called, were essentially slaves of the deceased. If the deceased was called to work in the Elysian fields he would call upon one of the statues to take his place and perform the task for him. It was not unheard of for an individual to have a figure for every day of the year to ensure an afterlife devoid of physical exertion. Just about every thing the embalmers and burial practitioners did during the process was done for particular reasons. Many of the funerary practices of the ancient Greco-Romans were also done with a specific purpose in mind. Unlike the Egyptian's the Greco-Roman cultures did not employ elaborate tombs but focused on the use of a simple pit in the ground. Right after death, not too dissimilar from the practices of the Egyptians, it was necessary for the persons to carefully wash and prepare the corpse